Through interactions with their parents, children develop the basic foundations for skills that play a direct role in their adulthood economic well-being. What are the consequences of disruptions to family structure and parental absence on a child's long-run success? This paper provides estimates of the causal effects of parental absence on a child's adulthood economic well-being by leveraging an individual-level, historical dataset and a natural experiment that yields plausibly exogenous variation in parental death. Specifically, I use digitized records of nearly all mining accidents in the U.S. during the early 20 th century, and compare the adulthood outcomes of children of fatal mining accident victims to children whose parents suffered serious, yet non-fatal accidents. Adults who lost their parents during early childhood experienced a 15 percent loss of income in 1940. Most of the estimated earnings penalty is attributed to differences in employment. Specifically, bereaved sons are more likely to be out of work, report unemployment assistance, and work fewer weeks.

Background/Purpose: Psychological distress can influence cancer mortality through socioeconomic disadvantage, health-risk behaviors, or reduced access to care. These disadvantages can result in higher risks of cancer occurrence, a delayed cancer diagnosis, hamper adherence to treatment, and provoke inflammatory responses leading to cancer. Previous studies have linked psychological distress to cancer mortality. However, studies are lacking for the U.S. population. Methods: This study examines the Kessler six-item psychological distress scale as a risk factor for U.S. cancer mortality using the pooled 1997-2014 data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) linked to National Death Index (NDI) (N = 513,012). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model survival time as a function of psychological distress and sociodemographic and behavioral covariates. Results: In Cox models with 18 years of mortality follow-up, the cancer mortality risk was 80% higher (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.80; 95% CI = 1.64, 1.97) controlling for age; 61% higher (HR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.46, 1.76) in the SES-adjusted model, and 33% higher (HR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.21, 1.46) in the fully-adjusted model among adults with serious psychological distress (SPD), compared with adults without psychological distress. Males, non-Hispanic Whites, and adults with incomes at or above 400% of the federal poverty level had greater cancer mortality risk associated with SPD. Using an 8 years of mortality follow-up, those with SPD had 108% increased adjusted risks of mortality from breast cancer. Conclusion: Our study findings underscore the significance of addressing psychological well-being in the population as a strategy for reducing cancer mortality.

Over the years, Pew Research Center has explored the experiences and attitudes of U.S adults from different racial and ethnic groups. As the country continues to diversify along racial and ethnic lines, key indicators of social and economic well-being show that some groups are faring better than others. The charts below allow for comparisons between racial or ethnic groups over time on a range of measures including educational attainment, household income, life expectancy and others. You may select any two groups at a time for comparison.

This dissertation examines the origins, functions, and effects of precarious schedules— characterized by unpredictable timing or hours of work—in the US labor market. I focus on the retail sector, which has drawn scrutiny for unstable scheduling practices, such as on-call shifts and variable part-time hours, that compound more familiar problems of low wages and inadequate benefits for retail workers. My dissertation advances sociological understanding of this topic by theorizing schedules as risk governance arrangements, reconceptualizing precarity in terms of frustrated expectations, and conducting novel analyses of the causal effects of specific types of schedules. I evaluate the thesis that unstable scheduling provides advantages for employers in the short term, but can be counterproductive in the longer term by undermining commitment and skill formation in the employment relationship. I develop a model of work as an option that formalizes and refines the notion of risk shifting from employers to workers through unstable scheduling. Unlike a secular process of externalizing risks, unstable schedules function as a call option, allowing employers to realize potential gains while avoiding anticipated losses to transacting for available labor. This contingent and asymmetric arrangement gives employers flexibility but precludes mutual commitment to a consistent schedule. I argue that commitment and consistency promote the formation of human and social capital that can improve performance and well-being at work. I conceive of the trade-off between optionality and commitment in the scheduling process as a reflection of the dual character of labor as a cost of production and a productive asset. The dissertation comprises three empirical studies. The first study analyzes data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort to identify compensation penalties for unpredictable and unstable schedules. The second study traces the emergence of a precarious retail labor force through historical documents, statistics, and secondary research spanning 1900–2019. The third study exploits a field experiment and high-frequency administrative data from the Stable Scheduling Study to analyze the relationship between consistency and labor productivity in twentyeight clothing stores. I find mixed results that nonetheless shed light on the governance of risk in the scheduling process. Workers with precarious schedules generally fare worse in the labor market than otherwise comparable workers with more stable schedules. But modest changes in scheduling stability among treatment stores did not significantly affect store performance as measured by quarterly sales per labor hour.

Muslim-Americans are often at the center of conversations in the U.S. political and socioeconomic sphere. They are also one of the fastest-growing demographics in the U.S., with around 1.1% of the U.S. population belonging to the Muslim faith. The 2018 Pew survey projections say that Muslim-Americans are going to be the second largest faith in the U.S. by 2040. Muslim-Americans are also one of the most racially diverse groups in the U.S., comprising Arabs, Asians, African-Americans, and Caucasians among others. Latinos are currently one of the fastest-growing Muslim-Americans demographics as well. However, despite their importance, there is limited data-driven research on Muslim giving. There is extraordinarily little data and information available on Muslim philanthropic practices. Given the centrality of giving among Muslim communities and the vital role religious giving plays in philanthropy more broadly, it is worth taking a deeper look at how and why American Muslims give. Thousands of organizations nationwide support Muslim communities across a broad spectrum of needs. While some funding for these pursuits flows from outside Muslim communities (both from individuals and foundations), they are limited; most financing of organizations that support Muslim communities’ unique needs still comes from Muslims themselves. Thus, a deep dive into the philanthropic practices of American Muslims is necessary as we consider the development and strengthening of the communities and the institutions that serve them. At the same time, it is also essential to understand the motivations behind Muslim giving, mainly the reasons that may motivate them to giving toward specific causes. To this end, the Muslim Philanthropy Initiative at the Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy survey in collaboration with Islamic Relief USA included a broad range of studies for uncovering American Muslims’ philanthropic practices and motivations. Moreover, this survey is also unique because earlier surveys only looked at whether Muslims practiced philanthropy and gave to specific causes. This study is the first survey to attempt to understand Muslim charities’ overall extent and scope and assess monetary support toward various causes. This report presents the data and findings from the section on Muslim philanthropy in the Muslim American Philanthropy Poll. The study was a self-administered web survey conducted by the Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy. The study investigated the opinions of Muslims and the general population regarding faith customs, donation practices and attitudes, volunteer work, COVID-19, uncertainty intolerance, financial well-being, and discrimination. The survey also looked at how Muslims made decisions about donations. SSRS surveyed from March 17 through April 7, 2021. Overall, the team surveyed 2,005 respondents, including 1,003 Muslim respondents and 1,002 general population adult respondents. Overall, the survey finds that Muslims give more toward both faith- and non-faith-based causes than nonMuslims. Overall, if we extrapolate the overall giving to 3.45 million Muslims (based on Pew Survey), we find that Muslims gave a guestimate of 4.3 billion USD. Similarly, Muslims gave USD 1,810 to faith-based causes compared to USD 1,138 in the general population. Again, if we extrapolate the average giving of Muslims to 3.45 million Muslims, we find that Muslims gave USD 2.4 billion toward faith-based giving. Similarly, an average Muslim gave USD 1,400 to non-faith-based causes compared to USD 767 in the general population. If we extrapolate it to 3.45 million, Muslims gave an estimated USD 1.9 billion for non-faith-based causes. Overall, the report finds that American Muslims give their money and time generously in the U.S., much more than the average population. Their philanthropic patterns and preferences are well-assimilated with the American landscape and, for the most part, aligned remarkably well with the general public. There are, however, some distinct differences. For instance, Muslims generally spend a smaller proportion of their charity toward houses of worship or mosques (27.45%) compared to the average population (51.28%). Similarly, Muslims give a more significant proportion of their donations toward overseas relief and civil rights causes than the average population.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made clear the vital role women play in our economy and in the economic security of families, both nationally and in West Virginia. Now more than ever, lawmakers in West Virginia must do better to ensure all women and families have quality reproductive health care, safe workplaces, equal representation in government, and economic security. Women need policies that reflect their roles as providers and caregivers—roles that the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated are critical to the well-being of families, communities, and the economy. In West Virginia, mothers are the sole, primary, or co-breadwinners in 63.8 percent of families, and these numbers are higher for some mothers of color across the United States. The following policy recommendations can help support the economic security of women and families in West Virginia.

Objective: To contextualize experiences of activities during the day and investigate whether the contour of the day is correlated with well-being during activities. Methods: Drawing on American Time Use Surveys, we employ sequence and cluster analyses to create distinct typologies of daily life patterns, and bivariate analyses to describe whether well-being across activities varies by these typologies. Results: We identified four typologies characterized by different primary activity of the day: leisure (22.7%), TV (22.4%), housework (47.5%), and work (7.5%). Individuals in the work and leisure clusters tend to report more positive well-being and individuals in the housework and TV clusters tend to report more negative well-being in experiences of activities during the day. We also found that well-being experiences in the same activity differed across individuals in the different typologies. Conclusion: Understanding the daily life patterns of older adults may be important, given its correlation with well-being during activities.

Stay-at-home fathers (SAHFs) face negative social stereotypes, and experience social stigma surrounding their role. These stereotypes and stigma may be unique to SAHFs, and may further be linked to negative feelings during social contact. This study examines differences in social contact and time alone experienced by SAHFs compared to stay-at-home mothers and parents of other work/caregiving statuses. Additionally, we analyze SAHFs’ subjective well-being when with their children, spouse, non-spouse adults, and when alone to more accurately capture the positive and negative valences of their experiences across social contact. Using individual-level time-use diaries from the American Time Use Survey (N = 35,959), a nationally representative sample, we find that compared to fathers working full time, SAHFs spent more time alone, more time with only their children, and less time with adults. SAHFs reported that this alone time was meaningful, not negative. They reported more happiness when interacting exclusively with children. These findings refute some common stereotypes that primary caregiving fathers only stay home with their children as a last resort, and further support the new fatherhood ideal that many fathers desire to be more actively involved in childrearing than prior generations of fathers were. Unfortunately, SAHFs reported significantly more sadness, more stress, and less happiness while interacting in a variety of contexts with adults, including higher feelings of sadness when spending time with a spouse. Connecting our work with past research, we believe these findings are best explained by either exclusion of SAHFs or increased salience of social stigmas felt by SAHFs in social situations with adults. These indicators of emotional well-being during social contact have important implications for parent physical and mental health.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made clear the vital role women play in our economy and in the economic security of families, both nationally and in Georgia. Now more than ever, lawmakers in Georgia must do better to ensure all women and families have quality reproductive health care, safe workplaces, equal representation in government, and economic security. Women need policies that reflect their roles as providers and caregivers—roles that the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated are critical to the well-being of families, communities, and the economy. In Georgia, mothers are the sole, primary, or co-breadwinners in 65.4 percent of families, and these numbers are higher for some mothers of color across the United States. The following policy recommendations can help support the economic security of women and families in Georgia.

Objective: This study examines the association between psychological distress and Alzheimer’s disease mortality among US adults aged ≥45. Methods: We analyzed the Kessler 6-item psychological distress scale as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s mortality using the pooled 1997–2014 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)- National Death Index (NDI) database (N = 265,089). Cox regression was used to model mortality as a function of psychological distress and sociodemographic and behavioral covariates. Results: The Alzheimer’s mortality risk was 97% higher (HR = 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37, 2.84) in adults with serious psychological distress compared with those without psychological distress, controlling for sociodemographic covariates. The relative mortality risk remained statistically significant (HR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.04, 2.13) after additional adjustment for smoking, alcohol consumption, health status, activity limitation, and body mass index. Discussion: US adults had significantly higher risks of Alzheimer’s disease mortality at higher psychological distress levels. These findings underscore the significance of addressing psychological well-being as a strategy for reducing Alzheimer’s disease mortality.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made clear the vital role women play in our economy and in the economic security of families, both nationally and in Florida. Now more than ever, lawmakers in Florida must do better to ensure all women and families have quality reproductive health care, safe workplaces, equal representation in government, and economic security. Women need policies that reflect their roles as providers and caregivers—roles that the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated are critical to the well-being of families, communities, and the economy. In Florida, mothers are the sole, primary, or co-breadwinners in 68.8 percent of families, and these numbers are higher for some mothers of color across the United States. The following policy recommendations can help support the economic security of women and families in Florida.

Employment and unemployment are concepts that explain the production structures of economies, their sectoral developments, regional and national developments, active and inactive human resources depending on various factors. These concepts are among the most important problems of all countries from past to present. Therefore, employment and the level of unemployment are the top issues that both developed and developing countries have to struggle. Employment and unemployment have been important issues in the literature of economics for years, and considered as important indicators for the real sector. Increasing employment and reducing unemployment allow to increase social welfare as well as economic welfare. In order to increase social and economic welfare by using various employment policy tools, interventions are made in the labor market from time to time. Such interventions are supported by a variety of sectors. According to World Bank data, the increase in world unemployment rates from 4.8% to 6.5% in the last 30 years (1991-2020) reveals how big this problem is and it can be a leading indicator of a possible crisis that may occur in the real sector. In spite of the desire and ability to work, the involuntary unemployment of individuals causes social and psychological damages as well as loss of productivity. Unemployment creates negative consequences by affecting not only individuals and their families experiencing this problem, but also the economy and social life of the country. For a balanced and stable development, it is very important that those who have the desire and ability to work are employed and take part in the production process. Because, the increase of the number of unemployed people in a society causes the national income not to reach its potential and unregistered production and employment increase and damage the economy. In addition, unemployed individuals cannot get a sufficient share from the distribution of national income, this situation also leads to a deterioration of the income distribution and reduces social peace and trust. As a matter of fact, it is known that welfare state policies have weakened due to the competition and growth policies of the states around the world associated with the globalization process. The fragmentation of production, decrease in unionization, and increase in unemployment cause an increase in uncertainty, insecurity and vulnerability for workers. While real wages are falling relatively in most of the countries, workers' rights appear to be gradually decreasing. Women, young people, immigrants, old persons and disabled have been the groups most affected by such negativity due to neoliberal policies. Unemployment deprives individuals of the right to work, which is one of the most fundamental rights. When people lose their jobs, they are deprived of their income, but they are faced with the danger of losing their independence, friendship and social status. It is very difficult to talk about prosperity and development in a country where poverty is increasing and freedom is decreasing. Therefore, governments should employ the involuntary unemployed and reduce unemployment in order to ensure and sustain the development of their countries. Undoubtedly, one of the most effective methods of combating unemployment is ensuring economic growth. However, providing economic growth alone is not enough to solve this versatile problem. In recent years, it is clearly seen that there have been economic growth processes that do not create employment, especially in developing countries. In this context, it is necessary to implement policies that increase the quantity and quality of employment together by using local and global tools in the struggle against unemployment. It is extremely important to consider the size and nature of the employment and unemployment problem, which are important factors in ensuring global well-being and peace, both in national and international frameworks. I would like to express my gratitude to all valued participants who contributed to the assessment of this problem across countries and regions and to address it from various angles, to investigate the causes of the problem and to suggest strategies for its solution. This book aims to contribute to the literature by addressing current problems in national and international labor markets. In this context, it is expected that the book will be useful to relevant researchers, academics and economics literature.

Even though the United States has abolished the most egregious, formal examples of structural racism, their legacy, as well as more subtle forms of exclusion, persist. The effects of this history on Latinos are widespread; many Hispanics struggle with inequity across all aspects of daily life despite hard work. However, a root cause of this inequality—structural racism—and how it applies to Hispanics is not widely known, even by many Latinos. This paper offers a “primer,” the first of a series, detailing historical examples of systemic racism against Hispanics across selected areas and how this phenomenon persists and affects the well-being of Latinos today.

Objective This study examines whether—and if so how—gender composition of children matters for mothers' and fathers' well-being during parenting activities. Background Despite that parents interact with girls and boys differently and spend different amounts of time with them, scholars have paid little attention to how gender composition of children matters for parental well-being. Method The study assessed parental well-being during time spent with children, across four measures of subjective well-being (N = 16,140 activities, 8,621 parents), pooled across three survey waves (2010, 2012, and 2013) from the American Time Use Survey Well-being Module. Random intercept models were used to account for the multilevel structure of the data. Results For both mothers and fathers, gender composition of children was not associated with different levels of happiness or meaning while parenting. However, fathers reported greater stress parenting all girls and mixed-gender children (i.e., girl/s and boy/s at the same time) compared to parenting all boys. Mothers reported greater fatigue and stress parenting all girls, compared to parenting all boys. Controlling for activity type explained some of the stress patterns. Conclusion This study, which is contextualized in broader literature on gender stereotypes, interactional processes, and time-use, makes several contributions to research on gender, family, and health and identifies an important factor—gender composition of children—that helps shape mothers' and fathers' well-being while parenting.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made clear the vital role women play in our economy and in the economic security of families, both nationally and in New Hampshire. Now more than ever, lawmakers in New Hampshire must do better to ensure all women and families have quality reproductive health care, safe workplaces, equal representation in government, and economic security. Women need policies that reflect their roles as providers and caregivers—roles that the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated are critical to the well-being of families, communities, and the economy. In New Hampshire, mothers are the sole, primary, or co-breadwinners in 67.6 percent of families, and these numbers are higher for some mothers of color across the United States. The following policy recommendations can help support the economic security of women and families in New Hampshire.

The COVID-19 pandemic has made clear the vital role women play in our economy and in the economic security of families, both nationally and in Arizona. Now more than ever, lawmakers in Arizona must do better to ensure all women and families have quality reproductive health care, safe workplaces, equal representation in government, and economic security. Women need policies that reflect their roles as providers and caregivers—roles that the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated are critical to the well-being of families, communities, and the economy. In Arizona, mothers are the sole, primary, or co-breadwinners in 61.4 percent of families, and these numbers are higher for some mothers of color across the United States. The following policy recommendations can help support the economic security of women and families in Arizona.

The household living arrangements of older persons – whether living alone, with a spouse or partner, with their children or in multi-generational households –are associated with the older persons’ economic well-being, physical and psychosocial health, life satisfaction and mortality. Understanding the patterns and trends in older persons’ living arrangements is particularly relevant to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development related to poverty eradication (SDG 1), the promotion of healthy lives and wellbeing at all ages (SDG 3), and the promotion of gender equality (SDG 5). The United Nations Database on the Households and Living Arrangements of Older Persons 2019 presents evidence drawn from 738 unique data sources including both tabulated data and household roster micro-data from censuses and surveys. The resulting database describes older persons’ households across 155 countries or areas, representing approximately 97 per cent of persons aged 65 or over globally.

Water is critical to human development and well-being. Its importance is not only captured explicitly in the Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG6) regarding universal access to safe, affordable, and adequate water and sanitation, but also is embedded within the goals on energy, food security, poverty, energy, health, disaster risk, and cities. In 2016-2018, the United Nations and World Bank Group convened a High Level Panel on Water to accelerate progress towards SDG6, which identified a number of ways in which such progress was off-track, particularly in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). This panel recommended an agenda to enable stakeholders to make decisions and take action. Prior to decision-making, it is necessary for stakeholders "to understand the quantity, quality, distribution, use, and risks of the water they have." This understanding in turn depends on investments in institutional and technical infrastructure for "water-related data as well as the systems to share, analyze, and take decisions with this data" (United Nations and World Bank 2018). This makes sense-decisions require information based on data. But what data investments need to be made? What should water data infrastructure do? "Water-related" data is collected on many topics by many different actors, each in a different format and quality fit for a different, often highly localized primary use, even if secondary use of such data by other parties may be beneficial. Well-informed decisions may require data to be integrated from many of these different sources. Currently, the typical data-to-decisions cycle can be long, winding, difficult, and full of uncertainty. For example, a regional water infrastructure planner may need to answer many interrelated questions in order to even begin costing out alternative scenarios of water supply improvements in an application to a government agency or donor organization: • How many people live in this region, and how are they spatially distributed among settlements of different sizes? • Where do existing water points serve each of these settlements? What types of water points are they, and what levels of service in terms of water quantity, quality, travel times, and wait times do they provide? What are people paying for water from these points? Where do people retrieve water if not from one of these points? • How much water is being used, including for domestic, agricultural, livestock, and commercial purposes? • What are prevailing rates of waterborne disease in these settlements, and in their vulnerable subpopulations? • What is the potential to increase safely managed water supply quantity? What are the surface and groundwater availability conditions in the

While research on immigrant women’s labor market incorporation has increased in recent years, systematic comparisons of employment trajectories by national origin and over time remain rare, and the literature remains dominated by the male experience. Especially lacking are studies that take both individual factors and larger migration dynamics into account, limiting our understanding of women’s contributions to the economic well-being of immigrant families, and of the process of incorporation more broadly. Using U.S. Census and ACS data from 1990 to 2016, we construct synthetic cohorts by national origin, period, and age at arrival to track their labor force participation over time. We construct a typology of national origin trajectories and then model them adjusting for individual characteristics and gendered dynamics of migration flows, namely the sex ratio, share of women arriving single, and share of men arriving with a college education. Results indicate that immigrant women tend to gradually join the workforce over time, though with significant variation in starting levels and growth rates. Cohorts from Mexico, Central America, and South America exhibited a delayed pattern of incorporation (though Mexican women start at lower levels than others), while women from India, Korea and other Asian countries followed an accelerated incorporation trajectory from very low starting rates. Those from Europe, Africa, China, Vietnam, and Canada showed gradual incorporation while Filipinas and Caribbeans exhibited continuous, intensive employment. We show that historically produced gendered dynamics of migration flows explain a substantial share of national origin variation in workforce incorporation.

In this document we describe a project to link records from the 1940 U.S. Census to records for respondents to the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS). The project is part of a larger effort to conduct parallel linkages to the 1940 Census for respondents to the HRS, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), and the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). In each cohort study, many sample members were alive at the time of the 1940 federal census and were thus enumerated (along with their families and household members). These five ongoing longitudinal studies are central components of America’s data infrastructure for interdisciplinary research on aging and the life course; physical and mental health, disability, and well-being; later-life work, economic well-being, and retirement; end-of-life issues, and many other topics. Adding information about sample members from the 1940 Census will expand the utility of all five projects and will enable important research on the effects of early life social, economic, environmental, contextual, and other factors on subsequent life outcomes. Broadly, the project described in this document involved (1) preparing and formatting data files containing respondents’ identifying information; (2) deploying machine learning algorithms to mechanically link project records to the 1940 U.S. Census; (3) hand linking records that could not be machine linked and hand-verifying a portion of those that could; and (4) documenting the new measures and making them available as part of the HRS’s restricted access dissemination systems in a manner consistent with HRS respondents’ privacy rights. In this document we describe the linking procedures, explain the structure of the resulting linked files and how they can be accessed, and provide information about linkage rates and the reliability and validity of the links.